Baby Gulnur and Grandmother, born 2 days after the Duzce earthquake
Residents of Sahin Tent City, Duzce
I - Situation
Analysis
a - General Overview
Provincial and Population Seismic Hazard Map of Turkey
Source Middle East Technical
University, 1999
HAZARD AREAS POPULATION
I. Very high hazard (red) 28,498,740
II. High hazard (dark pink) 16,674,656
III. Medium hazard (yellow) 9,334,138
IV. Low hazard (light pink) 8,129,711
V. Very low hazard (white) 1,107,757
Since 1950, Turkey has been
hit by 19 major tremors greater than 7 on the Richter scale. (see Map Tremors
>7 Richter-scale Magnitude, page 3). Fifty-six of Turkey’s 81 provinces
fall under the “very high” and “high” hazard category. The population residing
in the “very high” category encompasses 16.6 million people.
Source: Kandili Observatory,1999
The population residing in the earthquake area has felt thousands of aftershocks since 17 August 1999. According to the Kandillli Observatory House records, the south and the eastern parts of the Marmara Region are the loci of approximately 13 aftershocks a day. Although most of these aftershocks are too small for human perception, larger tremors re-fuel the fears of the already traumatized population.
Bolu Province was hit on Monday, 14 February, by a 5.0 Richter scale aftershock. This was to be the day many schools were to reopen for the second semestre of the school year. Though no deaths or injuries were reported, a number of schools in the centre and surrounding districts of Bolu closed between one to five days.
As reported in the Turkish media on 15 February 2000... [Text box]
The Milliyet daily:
Bolu was hit by two aftershocks yesterday morning. According to an announcement made by Bogazici University Kandilli Observatory Houses, a 5.0 Richter scale earthquake that hit Bolu early in the morning was followed by a 3.8 Richter scale aftershock.
Due to the panic after the two tremors, families rushed to schools to pick up their children and schools in four districts of Bolu were closed for one day. The Governor of Bolu stated that students in Bolu were free to leave school and go home for the day.
Rushing out of his class, a primary school student fell down and broke his leg. Some high school buildings in Mengen, the epicenter of the earthquake, were damaged and walls of a vocational school were cracked after the earthquake. Telephone lines were inoperable for some tme.
Many people refused to return
to buildings because of fear of a stronger earthquake. Mengen Mayor stated
that they had requested additional tents from Bolu Crisis Center.
The Hurriyet daily:
Schools closed after the 5.0 Richter scale earthquake, which hit Mengen district of Bolu yesterday.
The earthquake and the following 3.8 Richter scale aftershock created panic and schools in four districts of Bolu were closed for a day. Personnel and patients of Izzet Baysal Hospital, who had recently moved to their new reconstructed facility, were required to leave immediately and waited for a long time in the hospital’s garden. The building of a vocational school in Mengen was damaged and boarding students were sent back home. Locals in Mengen stated that they began to feel the fear of an earthquake again.
The 5.0 Richter scale aftershock
was also felt in Istanbul, Ankara, Zonguldak, Kocaeli, Sakarya and Cankiri.
The Radikal Daily:
A 5.0 Richter scale earthquake and a 3.8-aftershock yesterday morning hit Bolu. Neighboring provinces also felt the tremors. No deaths or injuries were reported.
As families rushed to schools to pick up their children, schools were closed for one day in many districts of Bolu, including five days in Mengen, the epicenter of the earthquake. Bolu Governor Nusret Miroglu stated that children were free not to attend school until they were no longer fearful.
Some school buildings in Bolu and Mengen were damaged. Hospital personnel and the patients of Izzet Baysal Hospital in Bolu immediately evacuated the building that had recently been renovated after the 12 November earthquake.
The Minister of Education requested that families send their children to boarding schools located throughout the region, rather than to tent schools.
[End of text box]
b - Tent Situation
Yet despite such encouraging figures, almost one-third of the population of Duzce - a total of 55,959 people - still reside in tents. The provision of social services in Duzce continues despite the challenges faced by the Province. Seven hundred and twenty-two (722) health care staff, 16 ambulances, 3 hospitals and 42 Primary Health Care Centres (PHCCs) and health stations are operating in the region. The number of people currently receiving food from the Turkish Red Crescent Society totals 20,800.
In Duzce city centre, there are 423 tents allocated for classrooms. In addition, Duzce hosts one school in a building, two schools in containers and one school in a prefabricated building. In surrounding areas, there are approximately 120 tents that provide classrooms.
c- UNICEF’s Response and Framework of Activities
In consultation with the Government of Turkey (GoT), UNICEF is currently implementing a Recovery Plan for Turkish Children (RPTC) to respond in an integrated approach to the needs of children and women affected by the earthquake. Valued at $14.2 million, the RPTC includes relief and rehabilitation interventions in the health, nutrition, education, water, sanitation and psycho-social sectors. In addition to relief interventions, UNICEF focuses on rehabilitation efforts and is actively advocating with government counterparts and humanitarian partners to ensure that all basic services are available to the affected children and mothers.
The Recovery Plan for Turkish Children (RPTC), developed in August 1999 and conceived for a period of six months, is being implemented in all areas affected by the 17 August and 12 November Earthquakes. The international community, through 14 UNICEF National Committees and 9 Governments, has responded generously to the UNICEF Recovery Plan. This commitment has been concretized by contributions of $US 14.4 million.
Activities are implemented through an integrated multi-sectoral approach which aims to provide a friendly environment for children and their mothers in tent camps and prefabricated cities, using the concept of “Child Friendly Environment” as a model. This concept is based on the provision of an integrated set of services to meet the basic needs of children and their mothers in various areas, namely the health, nutrition, education, water, sanitation, and psycho-social sectors.
UNICEF has established a strong presence in the Sea of Marmara earthquake affected area through its field base in Izmit. More than 15 staff are stationed at the Izmit base and travel continuously within the region to organize the distribution of supplies and materials, identify needs, monitor conditions and implement UNICEF programme activities.
II-
UNICEF Activities
a- HEALTH AND NUTRITION
During this reporting period, the Health and Nutrition team visited the Health Directorates of the 5 earthquake affected provinces and discussed a number of issues, including how best UNICEF and the Ministry of Health (MoH) could cooperate in order to improve the health and well-being of children and women of Turkey, especially in the earthquake affected area. The need for information sharing as was articulated during the course of the meetings.
High Energy/Protein Biscuit Distribution
UNICEF’s health and nutrition team collected data on Primary Health Care Centres (PHCCs), health workers in each PHCC and the number of children aged 1-6 served by each PHCC. Little information is available regarding the number of pregnant and lactating women served by PHCCs. A high energy/protein biscuit distribution plan was completed during this reporting period and handed over to UNICEF’s logistics team.
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| Kocaeli |
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| Sakarya |
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| Yalova |
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| Bolu |
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| Duzce |
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Monitoring of Emergency Health Kit Distribution
Follow-up assessments regarding UNICEF’s humanitarian medical supplies were jointly undertaken by the health and nutrition team and the Health Directorate of Izmit. UNICEF Emergency Health Kits (Basic health kit-400 and supplementary health kits-75) have been distributed to 3 provinces of the Earthquake area that in turn distributed them to the PHCCs. In come cases, PHCCs have opted to reserve the emergency health kits, as UNICEF medicines have a long (3-5 years) life shelf, while drugs received by other donors have a shorter shelf life. As the Ministry of Health will soon open 50 health centres in 50 prefabricated cities, UNICEF, in conjunction with the Provincial Health Directorate, has determined that the unused health kits can be reallocated to these new health sites.
Measles Immunization Mass Campaign
The Ministry of Health has
made excellent progress in the measles vaccination campaign. Thus far,
151,188 children between the ages of 1 and 14 have been vaccinated against
measles in the four reporting Provinces.
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Request made by Sakarya Health Directorate
Following the earthquake, municipal sewerage and water networks were damaged, leaving Adepazeri city with many stagnant pools of water - providing breeding grounds for mosquitoes. Sakarya’s Provincial Ministry of Health requested UNICEF to support their Entomology Department with a vehicle and some spraying equipment for malaria prevention. Sakarya reports 150-200 malaria cases a year.
b- EDUCATION
General Situation for Primary Schooling
Following the 14 February 5.0 earthquake and 3.8 aftershock in Mengen district of Bolu, schools in three districts closed for one day. In Mengen, the epicentre of the earthquake, schools closed for 5 days. In addition, the Governor of Bolu stated that the appropriate date of the return of children to school in the Province is at the discretion of parents.
Problem behavior among children has been noted by Ministry of National Education (MoNE) officials and teachers in Duzce, as children are not attending schools and do not have adequate recreational activities. Officials emphasized the importance of the return of children to schools and UNICEF is facilitating this process.
All damaged schools in Yalova have been repaired and will be used for the coming school term, showing a continuation in the improvement of children’s schooling in the region.
Supply of School Materials Project
As a result of the earthquakes, many schools lost materials and supplies. In addition, many students lost their houses and with it all their possessions. This project aims to identify those schools that have been most affected by the earthquake, and supply materials to these classes. The map below indicates distribution of school materials as of 15 February 2000.
Under the third phase of this project, 1,563 educational kits and 543 recreational kits have been ordered for 181 pre-fabricated schools (1,563 classes)
A final survey of all planned
and on-going prefabricated schools reveals the following information:
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| Sakarya |
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| Kocaeli |
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| Duzce |
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| Bolu |
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In addition, 650 1x2m whiteboards arrived to the field during this reporting period, and
are being distributed to 53 schools in Duzce for the benefit of 466 classes in tent and container schools.
School Nutrition Programme
In response to a concern by the health teams as to the well being of the children in this area, UNICEF has begun a short-term programme to distribute high energy/protein biscuits in the health centres of the tent cities and in schools within the earthquake area. The Ministry of National Education has identified the most vulnerable schools by surveying the school transportation system, and assessing where the children from the tent cities attend school.
A workshop and lunch were held in Bolu on 16 February and in Duzce on 17 February to coordinate the biscuit programme in these provinces. Head teachers from every school involved in the project will meet together to discuss the benefits of the programme and to look at potential problems.
Meetings this week with six
district Ministry of National Education (MoNE) directorates confirm the
appreciation felt by both students and teachers regarding the UNICEF high
energy/protein biscuit project.
The total number of beneficiaries
of high protein/energy biscuits can be found in the table below, together
with the cumulative quantity of biscuits distributed.
| Yalova | Kocaeli | Sakarya | Bolu | Duzce | TOTAL | |
| No. of Schools | 21 | 92 | 41 | 45 | 23 | 222 |
| No. of Students | 10,371 | 51,467 | 24,183 | 12,007 | 14,286 | 112,314 |
| Cumulative weight | 43,892 kg | 157,169 kg | 74,788 kg | * | * | 275,850 kg |
Special Needs
A supply list has been finalized
and submitted by UNICEF’s Education team for 25 special needs centres in
the 5 provinces. These centres are particularly important at this time,
as special needs students are often not able to attend the schools in tents
or prefabricated units due to mental and physical disabilities. One new
centre is being planned in one of the prefabricated cities in Sakarya.
This centre will serve several prefabricated cities.
c- PSYCHOSOCIAL
Rapid assessments have shown
that the psychological impact of the disaster on the population has been
profound. Experiences from comparable disasters have indicated that psychological
problems caused by the extensive exposure to traumatic events and the high
degree of losses will result in long-term psychological, educational and
health problems in a significant portion of the affected populations. Such
trauma may arrest the resumption of normal daily life activities. Even
limited psychological interventions, such as a psychological debriefing
or classroom based interventions, if implemented appropriately manner,
can have a lasting positive impact on the life experience of children and
adults.
Through the Classroom-based Intervention Project, those classrooms that are most in need of psychosocial intervention will be provided an 18 hour curriculum by professional counselors over 6 weeks time to help them mediate their trauma and facilitate a return to normalcy. In December 1999, 85 school counselors were trained in the classroom-based intervention programme ( see Map, page 13).
Presently, there are 111 counselors in 600 schools where future classroom based interventions are planned. Half of these counselors are based in basic primary schools (ages 7-14 years, grades 1-8) and the other half are based in high schools (adolescents 15-17, grades 9 to 11). Three hundred counselors will be trained between 6-11 March in the classroom-based intervention methods and a number of counselors will be reassigned by the Ministry of National Education to conduct the intervention in primary schools. An agreement regarding the Classroom Based Intervention Project will be signed between UNICEF and MoNE on 28 February.
The training schedule for classroom based intervention, to be given in conjunction with the Centre for Crisis Psychology and a team of trainers from Boston, USA, has been finalized for February and March 2000. The second seminar with SHCEK will be undertaken between 27 February to 1 March 2000.
In an effort to provide psychosocial intervention to 240,000 children within the five affected provinces, an expert group has been established to develop material during the third week of Febuary for a psycho-educational project in all schools. Eight thousand teachers will be trained by Guidance and Research Centre counselors to implement the psycho-educational curriculum. This project is envisaged to begin March 2000 and will last until 1 July 2000.
UNICEF’s Psychosocial team had a second meeting with the team leaders in the expert group during this reporting period. The group has decided that there will be 3-4 experts for each of the five Provinces. The final candidates to be selected for the expert group will be finalized by UNICEF and MoNE during the third week of February.
Child Friendly Environment
UNICEF has been at the forefront of advocating that all prefabricated cities must have a supportive physical and social infrastructure and activates to meet the special needs, (such as the provision of recreational activities), of children. UNICEF maintains that prefabricated cities must have creches, youth activities and after school recreational activities.
All prefabricated cities have been visited by UNICEF’s Psychosocial team, and those with the largest populations were targeted as the starting point for the activities. UNICEF is actively seeking both building space, and personnel to run and manage the creches and recreational centers, and is offering equipment and supplies as a means to encourage the positive response of communities and private organizations.
During this reporting period, the psychosocial team endeavored to find adequate space for creche activities in Duzce. A new Governor has been appointed for Duzce province this week, and it is hoped that allocations for creches will be resolved in the near future.
SHCEK will collaborate with social work students to reinforce their activities in the earthquake area. UNICEF will contribute by providing a 2 day workshop in Izmit to prepare students for the conditions that they will encounter in the tent and prefabricated cities. This training will be done in partnership with SHCEK, UNICEF and Enfants du Monde, (a French NGO), during the month of March.
Further training has been planned in April 2000 for the child educators who have been working in SHCEK orphanages and creches. Due to the earthquake, the SHECK orphanages and creches were evacuated and the staff re-assigned to work in creches located in prefabricated cities.
d-WATER AND SANITATION
Water Distribution in Duzce and Adapazeri
The provision of safe drinking water distribution in Duzce will last until mid April 2000, with a graduated decrease in the number of trucks, as improvements and repairs in the city water network are made. This new plan has allowed for the continuation of services for two more months longer than initially forseen, with no increase in the budget. The new safe drinking water distribution plan is as follows:
A similar plan is prepared for the water distribution in Adapazarý. The new safe drinking water distribution plan for Adapazari is as follows:
Installation of UNICEF Water and Sanitation Clusters
The survey of possible cluster locations is on-going. Due to the continuous movement of the earthquake affected population from tent camps to prefabricated cities, the situation requires constant monitoring.
As populations move, clusters will be re-allocated. For example, a cluster installed at the evacuated Çökekler Tent City has been divided in two. One half has been moved to Bolu Ýzzet Baysal University Dormitory Tent City and the other half has been installed to Adapazarý Abalýköyü Prefabricated City.In this manner, UNICEF clusters will continue to provide sanitation services in new areas to affected population. A Map of UNICEF cluster installations in Bolu is provided below.
e- MONITORING AND EVALUATION
Monitoring UNICEF Activities with Geographic Information Systems (GIS)
UNICEF has inaugurated a Geographic Information System project to assist the monitoring of its multi-sectoral activities related to the earthquake programme. This project will help UNICEF express quantitative data visually, to provide a comprehensive overview of relief interventions. Information collected by the Kocaeli University (see below), Government Ministries and others will be incorporated.
Monitoring UNICEF Activities in the Earthquake Area
UNICEF/Ankara and Kocaeli University entered into an agreement on 29 December to monitor the humanitarian situation in tent camps and prefabricated cities in the earthquake area. This accord will help UNICEF assess the implementation of project activities and review the availability of basic services for children in the education, psycho-social, health, water and sanitation sectors by collecting data in all tent camps and prefabricated cities. On 4 February, two Assistant Professors and Kocaeli University students underwent in-depth technical training in the sectoral area of Water and Sanitation, in order to be fully incapacitated to administer a survey on the same theme. Data collection was subsequently undertaken by teams between 8 February and 15 February in all tent cities in the earthquake region, and schools where UNICEF has installed water and sanitation facilities. Kocaeli University will submit a consolidated report based on survey findings to UNICEF on 24 February 2000.
III - Level of Funding
As of 21 February 2000, contributions to UNICEF Recovery Plan for Turkish Children amounted to US$ 14,390,409. US$ 7,286,902 has been pledged from UNICEF National Committees, and US$ 7,103,507 from Governments. The following table provides a breakdown of the funds pledged:
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| Sweden |
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| UK |
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| Australia |
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| Ireland |
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| Germany |
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| Luxembourg |
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| Canada |
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| Netherlands |
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| South Africa |
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| Netherlands |
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| Japan |
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| Spain |
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| Germany |
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| Hong Kong |
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| UK |
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| Belgium |
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| Italy |
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| Greece |
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| Ireland |
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| Finland |
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| Canada |
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| Andorra |
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| Grand Total |
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