THE PRESIDENCY OF STATE INSTITUTE
OF STATISTICS, IN THE EXTENT OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL STATISTICS DECLARED THE
PROVISIONAL RESULTS OF THE 1995 ENVIRONMENT INVENTORY FOR MUNICIPALITIES
State Institute of Statistics has been carrying out "Environment Inventory
for Municipalities" project annually since 1995.
The main objective of the research is to determine the current status
of drinking water network, sewerage, treatment plant, solid waste services
and solid waste disposal facilities of all municipalities in Turkey.
Percentage of population served by drinking water network, sewerage
and treatment plants in total population of Turkey, according to the results
of Environment Inventory for Municipalities, 1995, are given below.
It is determined that 90.26 % of municipal population, i.e. 68.78 %
of total population, is served by drinking water network in 1995. In terms
of drinking water treatment plants, those ratios are 37.61 % and 28.66
% respectively ( Table 1).
According to the same evaluation, 71.62 % of municipal population, i.e.
54.58 % of total population is connected to sewerage; 12.75 % of municipal
population, i.e. 9.71 % of total population, is connected to a wastewater
plant (Table 1).
The results of the Environment Inventory for Municipalities,1995
show that 43.2 million people in 2056 municipalities are served by drinking
water network (Table 4).
In terms of drinking water systems in municipalities, it is calculated
that 93.25 % of municipal population (2056 municipalities) are served by
drinking water network, 4.75 % (530 municipalities) supply water from wells,
0.66 % (250 municipalities) supply their water from public fountains and
0.45 (87 municipalities) supply their water from natural springs (Table
4).
Percentage of total population served by drinking water network by
population groups are 13.05 % in 1-10000 population group, 17.77 % in 10001-50000
population group, 11.17 % in 50001-100000 population group, 20.36 % in
100001-500000 population group, 4.53 % in 500001-1000000 population group,
16.14 % in 1000001-5000000 population group and 16.59 % in 5000000 or more
citizens population group (Table 4).
According to the results of the survey, 100 % of the population supply
their drinking water from drinking water network in 1419 municipalities,
from wells in 69 municipalities and from other sources in 56 municipalitiesamong
2201 municipalities (Table 3).
At the end of the evaluations of drinking water questionnaire in
the scope of Environment Inventory for Municipalities, 1995, it is determined
that 2056 municipalities had supplied 3938.5 million m3 of fresh
water. Of this water,1564.6 million m3 was supplied from
wells by 1069 municipalities (39.73 % of total water supply), 993.2 million
m3 was supplied from natural springs by 1292 municipalities
(25.22 % of total water supply), 998.2 million m3 was supplied
from dams by 66 municipalities (25.09 % of total water supply), 275.7 million
m3 was supplied from lakes by 10 municipalities (7 % of total
water supply), 109.7 million m3 was supplied from rivers by
67 municipalities (2.79 % of total water supply) and 7 million m3
was supplied from weirs by 12 municipalities (0.18 % of total water supply)
(Table
5-6).
The first drinking water treatment plant in Turkey was constructed
in 1926 having a capacity of 11 million m3/year. The number
of treatment plants was 2 in 1932 with 36 million m3/year capacity,
30 in 1990 with 1469 million m3/year capacity, 68 in 1995 with
2030 million m3/year capacity and finally the number arised
to 81 in 1997 with 2102 million m3/year capacity (Table 7).
The objective of State Institute Statistics is to determine the capacity
of treatment plants and the amount of water treated annually by Environment
Inventory for Municipalities surveys (Table 7).
68 drinking water treatment plants with a capacity of treatment of
2030 million m3/year was established in municipalities till
the end of 1995. 29 of those treatment plants were physical treatment plants
having 117 million m3/year capacity, 38 of them were conventional
having 1912.5 million m3/year capacity and only 1 of them was
advanced treatment plant with a capacity of 505 thousand m3/year
(Table
8).
Although the total capacity of drinking water treatment plants were
2030 million m3/year in 1995, it is calculated that only 29.22
% (1151 million m3/year) of water was treated out of total supplied
water (3938.5 million m3/year) (Table 8).
5.69 % (65.5 million m3/year) of total drinking water treated
(1151 million m3/year) was treated physically and the rest,
94.34% (1086 million m3/year), was treated conventionally. The
advanced treatment plant was not operated in 1995 (Table 8).
It is determined that 74 % of municipal population (1285 municipalities)
discharged their wastewater into sewerage, 24.97 % (1940 municipalities)
into septic tanks, 0.96 % (120 municipalities) into carstic structures
and 1.13 % (5 municipalities) into other wastewater systems in 1995 (Table
10).
Percentage of total population served by sewerage by population groups
are 7.72 % in 1-10000 population group, 14.76 % in 10001-50000 population
group, 11.50 % in 50001-100000 population group, 25.38 % in 100001-1000000
population group, 19.27 % in 1000001-5000000 population group and 21.37
% in 5000000 more citizens population group (Table 10).
According to the results of the survey, 100 % of the population
discharge their wastewater into septic tanks in 856 municipalities, into
carstic structures in 7 municipalities and into sewerage in 241 municipalities
(Table 9).
1578 million m3 of wastewater was discharged into receiving
bodies from 1285 municipalities served by sewerage in 1995 (Table 11).
It is calculated that 4 municipalities in 1000001-5000000 population
group discharged 31 % (481.6 million m3), 45 municipalities
in 100001-500000 population group discharged 23 % (362.36 million m3),
68 municipalities in 50001-100000 population group discharged 10 % (154.78
million m3) and 1 municipality having more population than 5000000
discharged 9 % (146.39 million m3) of total wastewater discharged
when municipalities having sewerage are evaluated by population groups
and the amount of wastewater discharged (Table 11).
867 municipalities discharged 49.22 % (776.9 million m3)
of wastewater into streams, 137 municipalities discharged 39.93 % (630.3
million m3) of wastewater into sea, 181 municipalities discharged
3.66 % (57.8 million m3) of wastewater into land and 25 municipalities
discharged 3.47 % (54.8 million m3) into dams among 1285 municipalities
having sewerage in 1995 (Table 12).
The results of the Environment Inventory for Municipalities,
1995
show that 46 wastewater treatment plants having a total capacity of 677.3
million m3/year were established till the end of 1995.
4 of them were physical treatment plants with 377.4 million m3
capacity and 42 of them were biological treatment plant with 298 million
m3/year capacity (Table 13).
Although the total capacity of treatment plants were 677.3 million
m3 in 1995, just 10.22% (161.3 million m3/year) of
total wastewater discharged (1578 million m3) had been discharged
after treatment (Table 13).
Of total wastewater treated (161.3 million m3), 48.92% (78.9
million m3) was treated physically and 51.08 % (82.4 million
m3) was treated biologically in 1995 (Table 13).
Solid waste questionnaire within the scope of Environment Inventory
for Municipalities, 1995 survey was answered by 2278 municipalities and
the population in boundaries of 2111 municipalities are determined to receive
solid waste services (Table 15).
Of this 2111 municipalities, 2028 were served by the municipality itself,
6 were served by metropolitan municipality and 116 were served by private
sector in means of solid waste collection (Table 14)
By using the estimations on daily amount of solid waste, 8.8 million
tonnes in summer, 11.7 million tonnes in winter and 20.6 million tonnes
of yearly average of solid waste are calculated to be collected (Table
15).
Daily amount of solid waste per capita is calculated as 1.2 kg/capita-day
in summer, 1.3 kg/capita-day in winter and 1.23 kg/capita-day for yearly
average (Table 15).
20.56 million tonnes of solid waste were collected and disposed of
from 2111 municipalities in Turkey in 1995. Of this amount, 38.59 % (7.9
million tonnes) were disposed of in metropolitan municipality dump, 41.29
(8.5 million tonnes) were disposed of in municipality dump, 6.93 % (1.4
million tonnes)were disposed of by landfilling, 3.89 % (800 thousand tonnes)
were disposed of by burial, 1.79 % (368 thousand tonnes) were disposed
of into rivers, 1.96 % (404 thousand tonnes) were disposed of by burning
in an open area and 0.77 % (159 thousand tonnes) were disposed of in composting
plant (Table 16-17).
56 municipalities have taken 66 new dumps into operation in 1995. There
were agricultural land near 26 dumps, pasture near 19 dumps, forest near
17 dumps, residential area near 8 dumps, touristic hotels near 1 dump,
airport near 1 dump within 1000 metres distance from the dumping site (Table
18).
101 municipalities had closed 104 dumps in Turkey in 1995. 48 of them
have agricultural land, 37 have pasture, 27 have residential area, 7 have
water resources and 2 have touristic hotels within 1000 meters distance
(Table
19).
17 of the closed dumping sites are now parks and gardens, 5 are residential
area and garage or storage tank is constructed on 1 closed dumping site.
30 closed dumps are not being used now (Table 20).
Of 1563 municipalities which cannot satisfy Solid Waste Regulations,
1101 indicated the reason as financial problems, 580 indicated the reason
as the insufficiency of vehicles, 665 indicated the reason as the insufficiency
number of staff and 452 indicated that they have no idea about Solid Waste
Regulations (Table 21).
Main environmental indicators of 1995 Environment
Inventory for Municipalities
|
Main Environmental Indicators
|
1995
|
| Number of municipalities questioned |
2278
|
| Number of municipalities by type
of drinking water system |
|
| Using drinking water network |
2133
|
| Using water from wells |
530
|
| Other types of water supply |
340
|
| Water treatment plants |
|
| Number |
68
|
| Physical |
29
|
| Conventional |
38
|
| Advanced |
1
|
| Total capacity (million m3/year) |
2030
|
| Amount of water treated (million
m3/year) |
1151
|
| Number of municipalities using
water treatment plant |
118
|
| Number of municipalities by type
of wastewater system |
|
| Using sewerage |
1344
|
| Using septic tank |
1940
|
| Using carstic structures |
120
|
| Amount of wastewater discharged
(million m3 /year) |
1578
|
| Wastewater treatment plants |
|
| Number |
46
|
| Physical |
4
|
| Biological |
42
|
| Total capacity (million m3
/year) |
677
|
| Amount of wastewater treated (million
m3/year) |
161
|
| Number of municipalities using
wastewater treatment plant |
70
|
| Number of municipalities given
solid waste collection service |
2111
|
| Serviced by private sector |
116
|
| Serviced by metropolitan municipalities |
6
|
| Serviced by municipalities themselves |
2028
|
| Amount of solid waste collected
(thousand tonnes/year) |
20561
|
| Amount of solid waste per capita
(kg/capita-day) |
1,23
|
| Amount of average solid waste
per capita in summer season (kg/capita-day) |
1,2
|
| Amount of average solid waste
per capita in winter season (kg/capita-day) |
1,3
|
| Solid waste disposal facilities |
|
| Landfill |
|
| Number |
6
|
| Maximum total capacity (thousand
tonnes) |
127027
|
| Actual capacity (thousand tonnes/year) |
1426
|
| Composting plant |
|
| Number |
2
|
| Maximum total capacity (thousand
tonnes/year) |
245
|
| Actual capacity (thousand tonnes/year) |
159
|
| Number of municipalities that
cannot satisfy Solid Waste Regulations |
1563
|
| The reason of unsatisfaction |
|
| Do not have an idea about the
regulation |
452
|
| Financial problems |
1101
|
DETAILED INFORMATION CAN BE OBTAINED FROM THE TABLES GIVEN BELOW
TABLE 1.Percent
municipal population served by drinking water network and sewerage system
and treatment plants, 1995
GRAPH
1. Percent municipal population
served by drinking water network, drinking water treatment plant, sewerage
system and wastewater treatment plants (%)
TABLE 2.Nuımber
of municipalities served by drinking water network, drinking water treatment
plant, sewerage system, wastewater treatment plant and solid waste disposal
facilities, 1995
TABLE 3.Number
of municipalities by type of drinking water supply system and percentage
of population connected, 1995
TABLE 4.Percentage
of municipal population by type of water supply system, 1995
GRAPH
2.
-
Municipal population by drinking water system (%),
1995
-
Municipal population served by drinking water network (%), 1995
-
Municipal population by type of drinking water
system and population group (%), 1995
TABLE 5.Number
of municipalities and amount of water supplied by source, 1995
TABLE 6.Number
of municipalities and percentage of water supplied in total water supply
by source, 1995
GRAPH
3.
-
Amount of water supplied by source and
population group (1000 m3/year),
1995
-
Percentage of water supplied by source,
1995
TABLE 7.Number
and capacity of drinking water treatment plants by type, 1926-1997
GRAPH 4.
-
Capacity of drinking water treatment
plants by type (1000 m3/year),
1926-1997
-
Percent capacity of drinking water treatment
plants by type, 1926-1997
TABLE 8. Number
and capacity of treatment plants and amount of drinking water treated by
type of plant, 1995
GRAPH
5.
-
Amount of water treated by drinking water treatment plant type (1000 m3/year),
1995
-
Percentage of water treated by drinking water treatment plant type, 1995
TABLE 9. Number
of municipalities by type of wastewater discharge system and percentage
of population, 1995
TABLE 10.Percentage
of municipal population by type of wastewater discharge system, 1995
GRAPH
6.
-
Municipal population by sewerage system (%), 1995
-
Municipal population served by sewerage system (%), 1995
-
Municipal population by type of sewerage
system and population group (%), 1995
TABLE 11.Amount of
wastewater discharged and number of municipalities by type of receiving
body, 1995
TABLE 12.Number
of municipalities and percentage of wastewater discharged in total wastewater
discharged by receiving bodies, 1995
GRAPH
7.
-
Amount of wastewater discharged by receiving
body (1000 m3/year),
1995
-
Percent wstewater discharged by receiving
body, 1995
TABLE 13.Number
and capacity of wastewater treatment plants and amount of wastewater treated
by type of plant, 1995
GRAPH
8.
-
Amount of wastewater treated by type
of wastewater treatment plant (1000 m3/year),
1995
-
Percent wastewater treated by type of
wastewater treatment plant, 1995
TABLE 14.Number
of municipalities by organizations giving solid waste services, 1995
TABLE 15. Amount
of solid waste collected seasonally by population group, 1995
GRAPH
9. Percent solid waste collected by season and population group
in municipalities served by solid waste services, 1995
TABLE 16.Amount
of solid waste by destination, 1995
TABLE 17.Percentage
of solid waste by destination, 1995
GRAPH
10.
-
Amount of solid waste by destination
and population group (tonnes/year), 1995
-
Percent solid waste by destination,
1995
TABLE 18.Number
of municipalities by the areas within 1000 meters distance from new dumping
sites taken into operation in 1995
TABLE 19.Number
of closed dumps and number of dumps by the area within 1000 meters distance
from the closed dumps in 1995
TABLE 20. Number
of closed dump sites by subsequent use of the site
TABLE 21.Number
of municipalities by the reason of not satisfying Solid Waste Regulations,
1995