Percentage of population served by drinking water network, sewerage and treatment plants in total population of Turkey, according to the results of Environment Inventory for Municipalities, 1996, are given below.
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According to the same evaluation, 71.82 % of municipal population, i.e. 54.73 % of total population is connected to sewerage; 13.78 % of municipal population, i.e. 10.50 % of total population, is connected to a wastewater plant (Table 1).
The results of the Environment Inventory for Municipalities, 1996 show that 43.7 million people in 2113 municipalities are served by drinking water network (Table 4).
In terms of drinking water systems in municipalities, it is calculated that 95.20 % of municipal population (2113 municipalities) are served by drinking water network, 2.45 % (312 municipalities) supply water from wells, 1.67 % (333 municipalities) supply their water from public fountains and 0.65 % (232 municipalities) supply their water from natural springs (Table 4).
Percentage of total population served by drinking water network by population groups are 25.07 % in 100001-1000000 population group, 17.85 % in 10001-50000 population group, 16.76 % in 5000000 or more citizens population group, 16.16 % in 1000001-5000000 population group, 13.18 % in 1-10000 population group, and 10.98 % in 50001-100000 population group. (Table 4).
According to the results of the survey, 100 % of the population supply their drinking water from drinking water network in 1545 municipalities, from wells in 34 municipalities and from other sources in 78 municipalitiesamong 2322 municipalities (Table 3).
At the end of the evaluations of drinking water questionnaire of Environment Inventory for Municipalities, 1995, it is determined that 2113 municipalities had supplied 4046.3 million m3 of fresh water. Of this water, 1622.5 million m3 was supplied from wells by 1088 municipalities (40.10 % of total water supply), 1035.4 million m3 was supplied from dams by 71 municipalities (25.59 % of total water supply), 927.1 million m3 was supplied from natural springs by 1333 municipalities (22.91 % of total water supply), 288.1 million m3 was supplied from lakes by 16 municipalities (7.12 % of total water supply), 160.3 million m3 was supplied from rivers by 69 municipalities (3.96 % of total water supply) and 12.9 million m3 was supplied from weirs by 15 municipalities (0.32 % of total water supply) (Table 5-6).
71 drinking water treatment plants with a treatment capacity of 2115.4 million m3/year was established in municipalities till the end of 1996. 29 of those treatment plants were physical treatment plants having 120.9 million m3/year capacity, 41 of them were conventional having 1994.0 million m3/year capacity and only 1 of them was advanced treatment plant with a capacity of 505 thousand m3/year (Table 7).
Although the total capacity of drinking water treatment plants were 2115.4 million m3/year in 1996, it is calculated that only 30.93 % (1251.4 million m3) of water was treated out of total supplied water (4046.3 million m3) (Table 7).
4.72 % (59.1 million m3) of total drinking water treated (1251.4 million m3) was treated physically and the rest, 95.28 % (1192.4 million m3), was treated conventionally. The advanced treatment plant was not operated in 1996 (Table 7).
It is determined that 74.87 % of municipal population (1327 municipalities) discharged their wastewater into sewerage, 25.12 % (1962 municipalities) into septic tanks, 0.01 % (4 municipalities) into other wastewater systems in 1996 (Table 9).
Percentage of total population served by sewerage by population groups are 8.19 % in 1-10000 population group, 15.18 % in 10001-50000 population group, 11.44 % in 50001-100000 population group, 26.21 % in 100001-1000000 population group, 18.85 % in 1000001-5000000 population group and 20.13 % in 5000000 and more citizens population group (Table 9).
According to the results of the survey, 100 % of the population discharge their wastewater into septic tanks in 915 municipalities, into sewerage in 282 municipalities and into another system in 1 municipality (Table 8).
1608.3 million m3 of wastewater was discharged into receiving bodies from 1327 municipalities served by sewerage in 1996 (Table 10).
It is calculated that 4 municipalities in 1000001-5000000 population group discharged 31 % (496.97 million m3), 45 municipalities in 100001-500000 population group discharged 24 % (389.01 million m3), 66 municipalities in 50001-100000 population group discharged 10 % (153.90 million m3), 214 municipalities discharged 8 % (123.60 million m3) and 1 municipality having more population than 5000000 citizens discharged 7 % (120.18 million m3) of total wastewater discharged when municipalities having sewerage are evaluated by population groups and the amount of wastewater discharged (Table 10).
889 municipalities discharged 48.72 % (783.6 million m3) of wastewater into streams, 142 municipalities discharged 39.28 % (631.8 million m3) of wastewater into sea, 29 municipalities discharged 3.92 % (62.9 million m3) of wastewater into dams and 31 municipalities discharged 3.90 % (62.7 million m3) into dams among 1327 municipalities having sewerage in 1996 (Table 10-11).
The results of the Environment Inventory for Municipalities, 1996 show that 52 wastewater treatment plants having a total capacity of 759.8 million m3/year were established till the end of 1996. 6 of them were physical treatment plants with 413.3 million m3 capacity and 46 of them were biological treatment plants with 346.5 million m3/year capacity (Table 12).
Although the total capacity of treatment plants were 759.8 million m3 /year in 1996, just 11.99 % (192.8 million m3) of total wastewater discharged (1608.3 million m3) had been discharged after treatment (Table 12).
Of total wastewater treated (192.8 million m3), 42.87 % (82.7 million m3) was treated physically and 57.13 % (346.5 million m3) was treated biologically in 1996 (Table 12).
Solid waste questionnaire within the scope of Environment Inventory for Municipalities, 1996 survey was answered by 2322 municipalities and the population in boundaries of 2157 municipalities are determined to receive solid waste services (Table 13).
By using the estimations on daily amount of solid waste, 9.8 million tonnes in summer, 13 million tonnes in winter and 22.8 million tonnes of yearly average of solid waste are calculated to be collected (Table 14).
Daily amount of solid waste per capita is calculated as 1.31 kg/capita-day in summer, 1.44 kg/capita-day in winter and 1.39 kg/capita-day for yearly average (Table 14).
22.8 million tonnes of solid waste were collected and disposed of from 2157 municipalities in Turkey in 1996. Of this amount, 42.83 % (9.8 million tonnes) were disposed of in municipality dump, 31.75 % (7.2 million tonnes) were disposed of in metropolitan municipality dump, 12.76 % (2.9 million tonnes) were disposed of by landfilling, 3.75 % (857 thousand tonnes) were disposed of by burial, 1.96 % (447 thousand tonnes) were disposed of into rivers, 1.96 % (447 thousand tonnes) were disposed of by burning in an open area, 1.69 % (387 thousand tonnes) were disposed of into streams and 0.45 % (103 thousand tonnes) were disposed of in composting plant (Table 15-16).
46 municipalities have taken 48 new dumps into operation in 1996. There were agricultural land near 18 dumps, forest near 13 dumps, residential area near 11 dumps, pasture near 8 dumps, water resources near 3 dumps, touristic hotels near 1 dump within 1000 metres distance from the dumping site (Table 17).
61 municipalities had closed 64 dumps in Turkey in 1996. 32 of them have agricultural land, 16 have pasture, 27 have residential area, 14 have forests and 10 have water resources within 1000 meters distance (Table 18).
11 of the closed dumping sites are now parks and gardens, 8 are agricultural land, 3 are pastures. Industrial sites are constructed on 2 closed dumping sites and 1 is a motorway now. 39 closed dumps are not being used now (Table 19).
Of 1544 municipalities which cannot satisfy Solid Waste Regulations, 974 indicated the reason as financial problems, 639 indicated the reason as the insufficient number of staff, 533 indicated the reason as the insufficiency of vehicles, 487 indicated the reason as technical problems and 521 indicated that they have no idea about Solid Waste Regulations (Table 20).
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1996
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| Number of municipalities questioned |
2322
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| Number of municipalities by type of drinking water system | |
| Using drinking water network |
2175
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| Using water from wells |
312
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| Using other type of drinking water system |
503
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| Amount of water supplied (million m3/year) |
4046
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| Water treatment plants | |
| Number |
71
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| Physical |
29
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| Conventional |
41
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| Advanced |
1
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| Total capacity (million m3/year) |
2115
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| Amount of water treated (million m3/year) |
1251
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| Number of municipalities using water treatment plant |
129
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| Number of municipalities using water treatment plant by type of wastewater system | |
| Using sewerage |
1387
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| Using other sewerage system |
1962
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| Amount of wastewater discharged (million m3 /year) |
1608
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| Wastewater treatment plants | |
| Number |
52
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| Physical |
6
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| Biological |
46
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| Total capacity (million m3 /year) |
760
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| Amount of wastewater treated (million m3/year) |
193
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| Number of municipalities using waste water treatment plant |
73
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| Number of municipalities given solid waste collection service |
2157
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| Serviced by private sector |
116
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| Serviced by municipalities themselves |
2062
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| Amount of solid waste collected (thousand tonnes/year) |
22816
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| Average amount of solid waste per capita (kg/capita-day) |
1,39
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| Amount of average solid waste per capita in summer season (kg/capita-day) |
1,31
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| Amount of average solid waste per capita in winter season (kg/capita-day) |
1,44
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| Solid waste disposal facilities | |
| Landfill | |
| Number |
6
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| Maximum total capacity (thousand tonnes) |
127027
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| Actual capacity (thousand tonnes/year) |
2912
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| Composting plant | |
| Number |
2
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| Maximum total capacity (thousand tonnes/year) |
245
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| Actual capacity (thousand tonnes/year) |
103
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| Number of municipalities that cannot satisfy Solid Waste Regulations |
1544
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| The reason of unsatisfaction of Solid Waste Regulations | |
| Do not have an idea about the regulation |
521
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| Insufficiency of financial sources |
974
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TABLE 1.Percent municipal population served by drinking water network and sewerage system and treatment plants, 1996
TABLE 2.Number of municipalities served by drinking water network, drinking water treatment plant, sewerage system, wastewater treatment plant and solid waste disposal facilities, 1996
TABLE 3.Number of municipalities by type of drinking water supply system and percentage of population, 1996
TABLE
4.Percentage of municipal population by type of water supply system,
1996
TABLE 6.Number of municipalities and percentage of water supplied in total water supply by source, 1996
TABLE 7.Number and capacity of treatment plants and amount of drinking water treated by type of plant, 1996
TABLE 8.Number of municipalities by type of wastewater discharge system and percentage of population, 1996
TABLE 10.Amount of wastewater discharged and number of municipalities by type of receiving bodies, 1996
TABLE 11.Number of municipalities and percentage of wastewater discharged in total wastewater discharged by receiving bodies, 1996
TABLE 12.Number and capacity of wastewater treatment plants and amount of wastewater treated by type of plant, 1996
TABLE 17.Number of municipalities by the areas within 1000 meters distance from new dumping sites taken into operation in 1996
TABLE 18.Number of closed dumps and number of dumps by the area within 1000 meters distance from the closed dumps in 1996