EMPLOYMENT

In the first quarter of 2003, total employment was estimated 20 million 244 thousand persons with an increase of 857 thousand persons, when compared to the results of the same quarter of previous year.

Employment rate is another important indicator because it
explains the improvement in employment and also reflects
Employment
the labour force participation rate besides unemployment.
rate for
When this value was compared with the results of the same
non-institutional
quarter of 2002, the employment rate increased from 40.6%
working age
to 41.7% for Turkey, from 36.5% to 37.1% for urban areas,
population
and from 47% to 48.9% for rural areas.
was 41.7%.

Women Employment

In the first quarter of 2003, 28.5% (5 million 768 thousand persons) of the total employment was female. The women employment increased 10.1% (530 thousand persons) according to the results of the same quarter of the previous year. When the share of women employment in total employment was 20.7% in urban areas, this rate was 37.8% in rural areas.

56% of employed women were working in agriculture sector 44.9 % of employed
and 76% of them were unpaid family workers. 44.9 % of women in Turkey were
employed women in Turkey (2 million 589 thousand persons)working as unpaid
were working as unpaid family workers. The share of femalefamily workers.
unpaid family workers in total unpaid family workers was 71%.

Child Employment
Employed children between 12-17 age group in Turkey were Child employment
estimated to be 732 thousand persons according to the results increased 5.5%
of the first quarter of 2003 HLFS. The child employmentaccording to
between the same age group increased 5.5% (38 thousand the same
persons) according to the same quarter of previous year. quarter of
51.1% of employed children in this age group were in previous year.
agriculture sector, 24.9% of them were in services sector and 24% of them were in industry sector. 36.9% of employed children (270 thousand persons) between 12-17 age group were in urban areas. 55.1% of employed children in this age group were male in Turkey.

Employment in Public Sector

According to the results of the first quarter of 2003, the employed persons in public sector was estimated to be 3 million 335 thousand persons with an increase of 3.4%, when compared with the results of the same quarter of previous year. 74.3% of the employed persons in public sector was residing in urban areas. The share of employed persons in public sector within total employment was 16.6% in the first quarter of 2002. This share was estimated to be 16.5% according to the results of the first quarter of 2003 HLFS.

Registration Situation of Employed Persons

When employed persons were examined by the status of social security registration in their current job, 26.6 % of total employed persons were registered to Social Security Institution, 11.4 % of them were registered to Retirement Fund and 12.1 % of them were registered to Self Employment Organization according to the results of the first quarter of 2003 HLFS. 49.9 % of total employed persons were not registered to any social security institutions in Turkey. This rate was 34.5% for urban areas and was 65.5% for rural areas. 59.9% of total employed persons who were not registered to any social security institutions were male.

65.5% (6 million 609 thousand persons) of 34.5% of employed persons in urban
total employed persons who were not areas were not registered to any
registered to any social security institution social security institution by
(10 million 93 thousand persons) were residing their current job.
in rural areas. 86% of them were employed in
agriculture sector.

Employment in Informal Sector
According to the results of the first quarter of 2003 HLFS,40.4% of self-employed
the share of self-employed or employer in informal sector or employer in non-
(1 million 233 thousand persons) to total self-employed or agriculture sector
employer in non-agriculture sectors (3 million 54 thousand engaged in informal
persons) was 40.4%. This rate was 39.3% for male, 55.7% sector.
for female in Turkey. The same rate was 35.7% for total,
34.6% for male and 51% for female in urban areas.

58.2 % of self-employed or employer working in informal sector was not registered to any social security institutions according to their current job.

Total number of regular and casual employee and unpaid
family workers was estimated to be 564 thousand 13.2 of total employment
persons when calculated by size of establishment in non-agricultural
operated in informal sector. According to this result, sector engaged
in Turkey 1 million 797 thousand persons employed in in informal
non-agricultural sector in informal sector. sectors
The share of employed persons in informal sector within
total employed persons in non-agriculture sectors was
13.2% for Turkey, was 11.2% for urban areas and was 20.2% for rural areas.

Employment by Sectors

When the distribution of employment was examined in four main sectors, agriculture, industry, construction and services, an increase in the share of agriculture and services sectors and a decrease in industry and construction sectors were emerged in the results of the first quarter of 2003 HLFS.

When compared to the results of the same quarter of previous year, the share of agriculture sector in total employment increased from 32% to 32.8%, the share of services sector increased from 44.7% to 45.2%, the share of industry sector decreased from 19.2% to 18.6%, the share of construction sector decreased from 4.1% to 3.3%.

In Turkey, 6 million 639 thousand persons were employed in agriculture sector, and 48.1% of them (3 million 191 thousand persons) were unpaid family workers.

Educational Situations of Employed Persons
In the first quarter of 2003 HLFS, 47.5% of employed 69.3% of total
persons comprise from primary school graduates. This was followed by employed persons
high and vocational high school with 19.1%, and universities comprise from less
and other higher educational institutions with than high school
11.6% and primary education, junior high school and graduates and
vocational junior high school with 10.7%. un-educated people.

In urban areas, 38.1% of employed persons completed primary school, 26.9% of them completed high and vocational high school, 18.4% of them completed universities and other higher educational institutions and 13.4% of them completed primary education, junior high school and vocational junior high school. In rural areas this same sequence was 58.7%, 9.8%, 3.4% and 7.6% respectively.

In the first quarter of 2003 HLFS, 49.1% of employed male completed primary school, 21.6% of them completed high and vocational high school, 12.6% of them completed primary education, junior high school and vocational junior high school and 10.9% of them completed universities and other higher educational institutions. The same sequence for employed female was 43.6%, 12.9%, 6% and 13.4% respectively.

Underemployment

Another concept is underemployment, which becomes as important as unemployment. When the ratio of underemployment within the labour force was estimated to be 5.9% in the first quarter of 2002 HLFS, it was estimated to be 5% in the first quarter of 2003 HLFS. The ratio of underemployment within the labour force was at the same level with 6% for urban areas and decreased from 5.9% to 3.8% for rural areas.

When this rate was examined by sex in Turkey it was 6% for male and 2.5% for female, in urban areas it was 6.4% for male and 4.7% for female and in rural areas it was 5.5% for male and 0.8% for female.

The ratio of underemployment among the educated young people within the labour force was estimated to be 8.9% for Turkey, 6.4% in urban areas and 15.6% in rural areas. When this rate was examined by sex, it was 6.9% for male and 5.7% for female in urban areas, and 17.3% for male and 10.5% for female in rural areas.