EMPLOYMENT

In the fourth quarter of 2003, total employment was estimated 20 million 811 thousand persons with a decrease of 847 thousand persons, when compared to the results of the same quarter of previous year.

Employment rate, another important indicator Employment rate
explaining the improvement in employment decreased
for non-institutional
from 44.8% to 42.3% for Turkey, from 38.1 to 37.7%
working age
for urban areas, and from 55.3% to 49.5% for rural
population
areas when compared with the results of the same
was 42.3%.
quarter of 2002.

Women Employment

In the fourth quarter of 2003, 27.2% (5 million 652 thousand persons) of the total employment was female. The women employment decreased by 11.3% (721 thousand persons), according to the results of the same quarter of previous year. This mostly results from a decrease in the number of women engaged in agricultural sector. When compared with the same quarter of the previos year, number of women in agricultural sector decreased by 600 thousand person.When the share of women in total employment was 19.9% in urban areas, this rate was 35.9% in rural areas.

57.1% of employed women were working in agriculture sector 48.7 % of employed
and 80.7% of them were unpaid family workers. 48.7 % of women in Turkey were
employed women in Turkey (2 million 755 thousand persons)working as unpaid
were working as unpaid family workers. The share of femalefamily workers.
unpaid family workers in total unpaid family workers was 70.3%.

Child Employment
Employed children between 12-17 age group in Turkey were Child employment
estimated to be 654 thousand persons according to the results decreased by 22.4%
of the fourth quarter of 2003 HLFS. The child employmentaccording to
between the same age group decreased by 22.4% (189 thousand the same
persons) according to the same quarter of previous year. quarter of
46.7% of employed children in this age group were in previous year.
agriculture sector, 27.3% of them were in services sector and 23.6% of them were in industry sector. 43.4% of employed children (284 thousand persons) between 12-17 age group were in urban areas. 62.2% of employed children in this age group were male in Turkey.

Employment in Public Sector

According to the results of the fourth quarter of 2003, the employed persons in public sector were estimated to be 3 million 245 thousand persons with a decrease of 2.8%, when compared with the results of the same quarter of previous year. 73.1% of the employed persons in public sector were residing in urban areas. The share of employed persons in public sector within total employment was 15.6% in the fourth quarter of 2003 while this share was estimated to be 15.4% in the same quarter of previous year.

Registration Situation of Employed Persons

When employed persons were examined by the status of social security registration in their current job, 26.8% of total employed persons were registered to Social Insurance Institution, 10.5% of them were registered to Retirement Fund and 10.8% of them were registered to Self Employment Organization according to the results of the fourth quarter of 2003 HLFS. 51.6% of total employed persons were not registered to any social security institutions in Turkey. This rate was 32.7% for urban areas and was 74.7% for rural areas. 63% of total employed persons who were not registered to any social security institutions were male.

65% (6 million 983 thousand persons) of 32.7% of employed persons in urban
total employed persons who were not areas were not registered to any
registered to any social security institution social security institution by
(10 million 735 thousand persons) were residing their current job.
in rural areas and 85% of them were employed in
agriculture sector.

Employment in Informal Sector
According to the results of the fourth quarter of 2003 HLFS,38.2% of self-employed
the share of self-employed or employer in informal sector or employer in non-
(1 million 192 thousand persons) to total self-employed or agriculture sector
employer in non-agriculture sectors (3 million 118 thousand engaged in informal
persons) was 38.2%. This rate was 37.7% for male, 47.6% sector.
for female in Turkey. The same rate was 34.5% for total,
33.8% for male and 45.2% for female in urban areas.

58.5% of self-employed or employer working in informal sector was not registered to any social security institutions according to their current job.

Total number of regular and casual employee and unpaid
family workers was estimated to be 591 thousand 12.7 of total employment
persons when calculated by the size of establishment in non-agricultural
operated in informal sector. According to this result, sector engaged
in Turkey 1 million 783 thousand persons employed in in informal
non-agricultural sector in informal sector. sectors.
The share of employed persons in informal sector within
total employed persons in non-agriculture sectors was
12.7% for Turkey, was 10.8% for urban areas and was 19.7% for rural areas.

Employment by Sectors

When the distribution of employment was examined in four main sectors, agriculture, industry, construction and services, an increase in the share of industry, construction and services sector and a decrease in agriculture sector were emerged in the results of the fourth quarter of 2003 HLFS.

When compared to the results of the same quarter of previous year, the share of industry sector in total employment increased from 18.3% to 18.4%, the share of construction sector increased from 4.2% to 4.9%, the share of services sector increased from 42.4% to 44% and the share of agriculture sector decreased from 35.2% to 32.7%.

In Turkey, 6 million 799 thousand persons were employed in agricultural sector, and 50.3% of them (3 million 422 thousand persons) were unpaid family workers.

Educational Situations of Employed Persons
In the fourth quarter of 2003 HLFS, 47.9% of employed 68.9% of total
persons comprise from primary school graduates. This was followed by employed persons
high and vocational high school with 19.4%, universities and other comprise from less
higher educational institutions with 11.7% and primary education,than high school
junior hight school and vocational junior hight schoolgraduates and
with 11.5%. uneducated people.

In urban areas, 38.6% of employed persons completed primary school, 26.6% of them completed high and vocational high school, 18% of them completed universities and other higher educational institutions and 13.7% of them completed primary education, junior high school and vocational junior high school. In rural areas this same sequence was 59.2%, 10.4%, 4.1% and 8.7% respectively.

In the fourth quarter of 2003 HLFS, 49.1% of employed male completed primary school, 21.4% of them completed high and vocational high school, 13.5% of them completed primary education, junior high school and vocational junior high school and 10.8% of them completed universities and other higher educational institutions. The same sequence for employed female was 44.6%, 13.8%, 6% and 14.2% respectively.

Underemployment

Another concept which becomes as important as unemployment is underemployment. When the ratio of underemployment within the labour force was estimated to be 5.1% in the fourth quarter of 2002 HLFS, it was estimated to be 5% in the fourth quarter of 2003 HLFS. The ratio of underemployment within the labour force decreased from 5.7% to 5.1% for urban areas and increased from 4.4% to 4.9% for rural areas.

When this rate was examined by sex, in Turkey it was 5.9% for male and 2.5% for female, in urban areas it was 5.4% for male and 4% for female and in rural areas it was 6.8% for male and 1.4% for female.

The ratio of underemployment among the educated young people within the labour force was estimated to be 7.6% for Turkey, 5.6% in urban areas and 12.8% in rural areas. When this rate was examined by sex, it was 5.7% for male and 5.6% for female in urban areas, and 12.8% for male and 12.9% for female in rural areas.