EMPLOYMENT

In the second quarter of 2003, total employment was estimated 21 million 696 thousand persons with a decrease of 279 thousand persons, when compared to the results of the same quarter of previous year.

Employment rate, another important indicator Employment rate
explaining the improvement in employment
for non-institutional
decreased from 45.9% to 44.5%
working age
for Turkey, from 38.6% to 37.8% for urban areas,
population
and from 57.1% to 55% for rural areas
was 44.5%.
when compared with the results of the same quarter of 2002.

Women Employment

In the second quarter of 2003, 28.5% (6 million 184 thousand persons) of the total employment was female. The women employment decreased by 3.2% (203 thousand persons) according to the results of the same quarter of the previous year. This completely results from a decrease in the number of unpaid family workers working in agriculture sector. When the share of women employment in total employment was 20% in urban areas, this rate was 37.7% in rural areas.

60.6% of employed women were working in agriculture sector 49.6 % of employed
and 78.5% of them were unpaid family workers. 49.6 % of women in Turkey were
employed women in Turkey (3 million 68 thousand persons)working as unpaid
were working as unpaid family workers. The share of femalefamily workers.
unpaid family workers in total unpaid family workers was 70.1%.

Child Employment
Employed children between 12-17 age group in Turkey were Child employment
estimated to be 773 thousand persons according to the results decreased by 24.7%
of the second quarter of 2003 HLFS. The child employmentaccording to
between the same age group decreased by 24.7% (253 thousand the same
persons) according to the same quarter of previous year. quarter of
57.2% of employed children in this age group were in previous year.
agriculture sector, 20.5% of them were in services sector and 19.3% of them were in industry sector. 33% of employed children (255 thousand persons) between 12-17 age group were in urban areas. 54.3% of employed children in this age group were male in Turkey.

Employment in Public Sector

According to the results of the second quarter of 2003, the employed persons in public sector was estimated to be 3 million 216 thousand persons with a decrease of 1.8%, when compared with the results of the same quarter of previous year. 72.9% of the employed persons in public sector were residing in urban areas. The share of employed persons in public sector within total employment was 14.8% in the second quarter of 2003. This share was estimated to be 14.9% according to the results of the second quarter of 2002 HLFS.

Registration Situation of Employed Persons

When employed persons were examined by the status of social security registration in their current job, 26.1 % of total employed persons were registered to Social Insurance Institution, 9.9 % of them were registered to Retirement Fund and 11.4 % of them were registered to Self Employment Organization according to the results of the second quarter of 2003 HLFS. 52.6 % of total employed persons were not registered to any social security institutions in Turkey. This rate was 32.8% for urban areas and was 74% for rural areas. 60.9% of total employed persons who were not registered to any social security institutions were male.

67.5% (7 million 702 thousand persons) of 32.8% of employed persons in urban
total employed persons who were not areas were not registered to any
registered to any social security institution social security institution by
(11 million 405 thousand persons) were residing their current job.
in rural areas. 86.4% of them were employed in
agriculture sector.

Employment in Informal Sector
According to the results of the second quarter of 2003 HLFS,38.5% of self-employed
the share of self-employed or employer in informal sector or employer in non-
(1 million 220 thousand persons) to total self-employed or agriculture sector
employer in non-agriculture sectors (3 million 168 thousand engaged in informal
persons) was 38.5%. This rate was 38% for male, 46.9% sector.
for female in Turkey. The same rate was 33.9% for total,
33.5% for male and 39.4% for female in urban areas.

52.2 % of self-employed or employer working in informal sector was not registered to any social security institutions according to their current job.

Total number of regular and casual employee and unpaid
family workers was estimated to be 581 thousand 12.9 of total employment
persons when calculated by size of establishment in non-agricultural
operated in informal sector. According to this result, sector engaged
in Turkey 1 million 801 thousand persons employed in in informal
non-agricultural sector in informal sector. sectors.
The share of employed persons in informal sector within
total employed persons in non-agriculture sectors was
12.9% for Turkey, was 11% for urban areas and was 19.4% for rural areas.

Employment by Sectors

When the distribution of employment was examined in four main sectors, agriculture, industry, construction and services, an increase in the share of services sector and a decrease in agriculture and industry sectors, and no changes in constructions sector were emerged in the results of the second quarter of 2003 HLFS.

When compared to the results of the same quarter of previous year, the share of services sector in total employment increased from 41.1% to 42.2%, the share of agriculture sector decreased from 36.2% to 35.6%, the share of industry sector decreased from 18.1% to 17.5%. The share of construction sector was 4.6% without any changes.

In Turkey, 7 million 731 thousand persons were employed in agriculture sector, and 51% of them (3 million 945 thousand persons) were unpaid family workers.

Educational Situations of Employed Persons
In the second quarter of 2003 HLFS, 49.4% of employed 71.1% of total
persons comprise from primary school graduates. This was followed by employed persons
high and vocational high school with 18.3%, and primary education comprise from less
junior high school and vocational junior high school with than high school
11.3% and universities and other highergraduates and
educational institıtions with 10.6%. uneducated people.

In urban areas, 39.5% of employed persons completed primary school, 26.3% of them completed high and vocational high school, 17.3% of them completed universities and other higher educational institutions and 13.9% of them completed primary education, junior high school and vocational junior high school. In rural areas this same sequence was 60.1%, 9.6%, 3.3% and 8.4% respectively.

In the second quarter of 2003 HLFS, 50.5% of employed male completed primary school, 20.5% of them completed high and vocational high school, 13.4% of them completed primary education, junior high school and vocational junior high school and 10.1% of them completed universities and other higher educational institutions. The same sequence for employed female was 46.6%, 12.5%, 5.8% and 11.9% respectively.

Underemployment

Another concept which becomes as important as unemployment is underemployment. When the ratio of underemployment within the labour force was estimated to be 5.8% in the second quarter of 2002 HLFS, it was estimated to be 4.6% in the second quarter of 2003 HLFS. The ratio of underemployment within the labour force decreased from 6% to 4.5% for urban areas and decreased from 5.6% to 4.7% for rural areas.

When this rate was examined by sex, in Turkey it was 5.6% for male and 2% for female, in urban areas it was 4.9% for male and 3% for female and in rural areas it was 6.7% for male and 1.4% for female.

The ratio of underemployment among the educated young people within the labour force was estimated to be 5.1% for Turkey, 3.3% in urban areas and 10% in rural areas. When this rate was examined by sex, it was 3.5% for male and 2.9% for female in urban areas, and 9.8% for male and 10.6% for female in rural areas.