When the results of first period (January 1 - June 30, 1998) of 1998 Employment and Earning Survey is compared with the results of second period (July 1 - December 31, 1998), the followings were observed.

When hourly wage for actual hours of work was compared by establishment size, it was observed that, as establishment size increased, generally hourly wage for actual hours of work also increased in both periods of 1998 (Graphic 1). The highest hourly wage for actual hours of work was found in electricity, gas and water sector in both periods with 841 thousand TL in first period and with 1 million 58 thousand TL in second period (Table 3).

In both periods of 1998, when hourly wage for actual hours of work was compared by establishment size, it was observed that, hourly wage for actual hours of work was higher in electricity, gas and water sector then other sectors in all establishment size classes except large establishments with 500 and more employees. The highest hourly wage for actual hours of work in large establishments with 500 and more employees was found in mining and quarrying sector.

When the per capita average monthly gross earnings were compared by economic activity of economic activity that covered by survey for each period of 1998, the highest average monthly gross earnings were observed in electricity, gas and water sector in both periods. While the per capita average monthly gross earnings in electricity, gas and water sector was 190 million 365 thousand TL in first period, this figure increased to 252 million 420 thousand TL in the second period.

Electricity, gas and water sector was followed by mining and quarrying sector in both periods of 1998. While the per capita average monthly gross earnings in mining and quarrying sector was 177 million 625 thousand TL in first period, this figure was estimated to be 239 million 154 thousand TL in the second period.

Gross wage, as a percentage of gross earning in electricity, gas and water sector was 86.2 % in first period and 84.5 % in second period. While these rates in mining and quarrying sector were estimated as 81.5 % in the first period and 78.6 % in the second period, they were 84.6 % and 84.1 % respectively in manufacturing sector (Table 1).

When average monthly gross earnings were examined by two digit economic activity codes, the highest average monthly gross earning in the mining and quarrying sector was found in the 'Extraction of crude petroleum and natural gas, mining of metal ores' economic activity code with 223 million 173 thousand TL in the first period and in 'Mining of coal and lignite; extraction of peat' with 276 million 532 thousand TL in the second period. In the manufacturing sector, the highest average monthly gross earning in the first period was found in 'Manufacture of coke, refine petroleum, chemical, rubber and plastic products' economic activity code with 212 million 301 thousand TL, and in 'manufacture of motor vehicles, trailers and other transport equipment' with 269 million 303 thousand TL in the second period. The highest average monthly gross earning in electricity, gas and water sector in both periods was found in 'Electricity, gas, steam and hot water supply' economic activity with 198 million 959 thousand TL in the first period and with 273 million 869 thousand TL in the second period (Table 4).

In the establishments following collective bargaining agreement, in mining and quarrying sector, the highest average monthly gross earning was found in 'Extraction of crude petroleum and natural gas, mining of metal ores' economic activity with 265 million 271 thousand TL in the first period and 'quarrying and other mining' economic activity with 321 million 182 thousand TL in the second period. In the establishments following collective bargaining agreement, the highest average monthly gross earning in manufacturing sector was found in the 'Manufacture of cook, refine petroleum products, chemicals products and rubber and plastics products' economic activity in both periods with 285 million 866 thousand TL in the first period and 341 million 277 thousand TL in the second period. Finally, the highest average monthly gross earning in electricity, gas and water sector was found in 'Electricity, gas, steam and hot water supply' economic activity in both of the periods of 1998, with 198 million 445 thousand TL in the first period and 273 million 188 thousand TL in the second period (Table 5).

Graphic 2. Average monthly gross earning by economic activity, public versus private status of establishment and periods

In the establishments not following collective bargaining agreement, the highest average monthly gross earning in mining and quarrying sector in both periods was found in 'Extraction of crude petroleum and natural gas and mining of metal ores' economic activity with 101 million 655 thousand TL in the first period and with 117 million 383 thousand TL in the second period. The highest average monthly gross earnings in manufacturing sector was found in 'Manufacture of cook, refine petroleum products, chemical products and rubber and plastics products' economic activity with 158 million 119 thousand TL in the first period and in 'Manufacture of motor vehicles, trailers and other transport equipment' economic activity with 202 million 217 thousand TL in the second period. Finally, the highest average monthly gross earning in electricity, gas and water sector was found in 'Electricity, gas, steam and hot water supply' economic activity in both of the periods of 1998, with 240 million 222 thousand TL in the first period and 328 million 215 thousand TL in the second period (Table 6).

When average monthly gross wages and earnings were examined by public versus private sector status of the establishment, the highest earning in public sector was observed in mining and quarrying sector in both periods with 222 million 490 thousand TL in the first period and 309 million 206 thousand TL in the second period (Table 1).In private sector, for both periods the highest average monthly gross earning was found in electricity, gas and water sector with 262 million 193 thousand TL in the first period and 395 million 343 thousand TL in the second period. Since it can be followed in Graphic 2, excluding electricity, gas and water sector, the average monthly gross wages and earnings of public sector employees were higher than those of private sector employees in both periods (Table 1) (Graphic 2).

When average monthly gross wages and earnings were compared by establishment size, it was seen that, as establishment size increased, per capita average monthly gross wage and earning also increased generally in both periods. In first period of 1998, in small establishments which had 1-9 employees, per capita average monthly gross earning was estimated to be 79 million 229 thousand TL and average monthly gross wage was estimated to be 73 million 434 thousand TL. In the second period of 1998, in small establishments, per capita average monthly gross earning was estimated to be 96 million 771 thousand TL and average monthly gross wage was estimated to be 89 million 979 thousand TL. In large establishments which had 500 and more employees, per capita average monthly gross earning was estimated to be 191 million 483 thousand TL and average monthly gross wage was estimated to be 156 million 241 thousand TL in the first period of 1998. In the second period of 1998, in large establishments, per capita average monthly gross earning was estimated to be 249 million 420 thousand TL and average monthly gross wage was estimated to be 200 million 455 thousand TL (Table 3) (Graphic 3).

When average monthly gross earnings and wages were compared by establishment size and economic activities, it was observed that, average monthly gross earning was higher in electricity, gas and water sector then manufacturing and mining and quarrying sectors in all establishment size classes except large establishments with 500 and more employees. The highest average monthly gross earning in large establishments with 500 and more employees was found in mining and quarrying sector.

Graphic 3. Average monthly gross earning by establishment size and periods

When average monthly gross wages and earnings were examined by the collective bargaining status of the establishment, average monthly gross earning and wages of the both public and private sector employees who worked in the establishments where collective bargaining agreement was applied were found higher than those worked in the establishments which were not in the coverage of collective bargaining agreement in both periods of 1998 (Table 2).

In establishments following collective bargaining agreement, while per capita average monthly gross earning was estimated to be 196 million 690 thousand TL and per capita average monthly gross wage was estimated to be 160 million 595 thousand TL in the first period of 1998, in the second period of 1998, per capita average monthly gross earning increased to 254 million 536 thousand TL and per capita average monthly gross wage increased to 204 million 301 thousand TL. In establishments not following the collective bargaining agreement, while per capita average monthly gross earning was estimated to be 89 million 861 thousand TL and per capita average monthly gross wage was estimated to be 81 million 950 thousand TL in the first period of 1998, in the second period of 1998, per capita average monthly gross earning was estimated to be 118 million 681 thousand TL and per capita average monthly gross wage was estimated to be 108 million 372 thousand TL. When this situation is examined by public versus private sector status of the establishments, average monthly gross wages and earnings in establishments following collective bargaining agreements were found higher than establishments not following collective bargaining agreement for both public and private sector (Table 2). Therefore, it was seen that, collective bargaining agreement had a high level of influence on wages and earnings.

When average monthly gross wages and earnings are examined by seven geographical region (excluding selected provinces) and selected four provinces that the establishments located, in the first period, the highest per capita average monthly gross earning was found in province Adana (189 million 187 thousand TL). East Anatolian Region (176 million 629 thousand TL) and Black Sea Region (166 million 525 thousand TL) have followed Adana. In the second period of 1998, the highest per capita average monthly gross earning was found in province Adana (236 million 230 thousand TL). East Anatolian Region (214 million 84 thousand TL) and Black Sea Region (213 million 195 thousand TL) have followed Adana (Table 7).

In the first period of 1998 in public sector, average monthly gross earnings were found higher in province İstanbul, province İzmir and Mediterranean Region (excluding Adana) than other regions and provinces. In the second period of 1998 in public sector, average monthly gross earnings were found higher in province İstanbul, South East Anatolian Region and province İzmir than other regions and provinces.

In private sector, in both periods of 1998, average monthly gross earnings were found higher in province Adana, Marmara Region (excluding İstanbul) and province Ankara than other regions and provinces (Table 7).

When the share of the bonuses and premiums within the average monthly gross earning were examined, the highest figure was found in mining and quarrying sector in both periods of 1998. In this sector, share of the bonuses and premiums within the average monthly gross earning was 13 % in first period and 16.8 % in second period. When this ratios were examined by public versus private sector status of the establishment, the share of the bonuses and premiums within the average monthly gross earning in public sector was 12.6 % in first period and 14.8 % in second period. In private sector, the share of the bonuses and premiums within the average monthly gross earning was 12 % in first period and 12.2 % in second period (Table 1).

When this ratio was examined by establishment size, it was found that, as establishment size increased, share of bonuses and premiums within the average monthly gross earning also increased generally in both periods (Table 3). Similarly, share of bonuses and premiums within the average monthly gross earning was found higher in establishments following collective bargaining agreement comparing to establishments not following collective bargaining establishments in both periods (Table 2).

Share of the irregular social allowances within the average monthly gross earnings in first period of 1998 was 3.2 % for three sectors that were covered in the survey, 4.7 % in public sector and 2.6 % in private sector. Share of the irregular social allowances within the average monthly gross earnings was 3.3 % in the second period. This figures were 4.8 % in public sector and 2.5 % in private sector in the second period (Table 1).

When social allowances were examined by establishment size, it was observed that as establishment size increased, share of the irregular social allowances within the average monthly gross earnings was also increased in both periods. It was also seen that establishments with 500 and more employees had higher social allowances than other establishment size classes (Table 3). When social allowances were examined by collective agreement status of the establishment, share of gross irregular social allowances within the average monthly gross earning was found higher in establishments following collective bargaining agreement comparing to establishments not following collective bargaining establishments in both periods (Table 2).